This week, the Japanese encephalitis virus, which can be fatal, was identified in Australia for the first time this summer, in the northwestern region of Victoria. Last year, this virus took several lives in Australia and is also recognized in New South Wales and Queensland.
Moreover, another virus transmitted by mosquitoes, known as Kunjin virus, has been found in western New South Wales.
These concurrent findings have raised concerns among health officials. Dr. Stephen Conaty, the director of health protection for NSW Health, expressed that the early summer detections are troubling.
“With the rise in temperatures, mosquito populations are expected to surge, and we urge everyone in NSW to take measures to shield themselves from mosquito bites, which can lead to illnesses like Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, as well as infections from Kunjin virus, Ross River virus, and Barmah Forest virus,” he stated.
With summer upon us and following a rainy spring in several regions of Australia, there is an abundance of mosquitoes. Using insect repellent has become essential for outdoor activities.
But how safe are these products? And are they truly needed?
What are the potential issues after a mosquito bite?
A mosquito bite can result in itching and discomfort. Even a slight reaction may lead to scratching, particularly for those who seem to attract mosquitoes more than others.
Typically, the swelling and itchiness will subside within a few days. However, scratching may lead to secondary infections, especially in young children, if dirt and bacteria from their nails enter the wound.
Additionally, a mosquito bite can transmit diseases. While not all these diseases are life-threatening, they can still lead to severe incapacitation.
These health risks exist in various areas across Australia. Even in cooler places like Victoria and Tasmania, there are mosquito-related diseases that carry serious implications.
Preventing bites is key to avoiding illness
There are no specific treatments for local diseases propagated by mosquitoes. Although there is a vaccine for Japanese encephalitis, the most effective way to avoid illnesses caused by Ross River virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, and other pathogens transmitted through mosquito bites is to prevent the bites in the first place.
Australian health officials frequently evaluate guidelines regarding the use of insect repellents. However, the variety of products available in grocery stores can shift from one summer to the next.
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) reviews insect repellents for their safety and efficacy. The labeling should include an APVMA registration number, along with instructions for safe application and any necessary warnings clearly stated.
What do common mosquito repellents contain?
The most commonly found active components include diethyltoluamide (DEET), picaridin, and oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE).
Products made from plants, such as eucalyptus and tea tree oil, are also favored options. These potent-smelling alternatives are recognized by the APVMA and offer a degree of protection but must be reapplied more often than other types of repellents.
Are mosquito repellents safe to use?
Many people believe insect repellents can be unpleasant or even pose health risks, but the drawbacks of applying a repellent are easily offset by the advantage of minimizing mosquito bites.
Studies and analyses by scientists and health organizations indicate that mosquito repellents are a safe and efficient method for preventing bites when applied as directed.
Researchers evaluate each active ingredient to verify its safety. DEET has undergone extensive research. While picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus have not been in use as long and have not been studied as rigorously as DEET, they continue to be supported by health organizations in Australia and other countries.
Natural repellents, particularly non-registered and homemade mixtures, may trigger skin irritations or introduce other dangers, so it’s wise to choose products that have undergone safety testing and registration.
Nevertheless, even if a product is regarded as safe, it’s crucial to adhere to the usage guidelines provided on the label. There is always a risk associated with the ingestion of large amounts or misuse of these products.
What should be considered for infants and young kids?
In Australia, most mosquito repellent products are approved for children older than 12 months, although not all formulations specify a particular age limit.
Studies conducted internationally demonstrate that DEET and picaridin are safe for use in children. Suggested age restrictions for various mosquito repellents differ between countries and types of products. For instance, in the United States, DEET has no age limit, while oil of eucalyptus is recommended only for children over three years old.
A study from 2024 that reviewed cases of negative effects from mosquito repellent use found that DEET was the recommended insect repellent for kids, as it provided the safest and most enduring defense against mosquito bites when used properly. The researchers commented that while other active ingredients might offer similar levels of protection, further evaluations were necessary to confirm their safety.
Advice for caregivers of infants and small children
Always adhere to the latest guidelines from the APVMA and restrict the application of DEET-containing repellents until children are at least 12 months old. Review the label prior to applying mosquito repellent to young ones.
When using repellent, the best approach is to put it on your hands first, then spread it on their skin. If you are using a spray, apply it cautiously and avoid spraying it directly onto a child's face.
Do not let kids apply their own repellent, as this could result in accidental swallowing or excessive exposure.
For babies and toddlers outdoors, it may be beneficial to use an insect net designed for strollers, prams, or playpens.
Although wristbands, patches, and stickers are marketed as mosquito deterrents for children, there is minimal proof of their effectiveness. Burning devices, such as coils and sticks, are also not advisable due to the risk of inhaling the smoke.
How do the various types stack up?
In contrast to sunscreens that have a designated SPF rating, there is no universal standard to evaluate the various kinds of mosquito repellents and their efficacy.
"Heavy duty" or "tropical strength" versions frequently include the same active ingredients as those labeled "kid friendly," but in larger quantities that offer prolonged duration.
Lower concentration repellents can still provide effective protection against mosquito bites, but they just require more frequent application.
The key to achieving optimal protection lies in the proper application of mosquito repellents. Regardless of whether you use cream, lotion, gel, roll-on, pump-spray, or aerosol, ensure that all skin that is exposed is treated. Reapply after swimming, engaging in vigorous activities, or if it has been wiped away.
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